World Cup: science must tackle footballers’ mental and physical health

Vincent Gouttebarge raises awareness about mental health in professional football. Credit: Gouttebarge

Vincent Gouttebarge played professional football in France and the Netherlands for more than a decade before retiring in 2007 and concentrating on a medical-research career. Familiar with injury during his sporting days, he now works as medical director at the International Federation of Professional Footballers (FIFPRO), which is a players’ union, and as chair of the International Olympic Committee’s Mental Health Working Group, alongside his research at the University of Pretoria and Amsterdam University Medical Centre.

As the 2026 men’s football World Cup starts in the United States, Canada and Mexico, he spoke to Nature about what the game’s biggest tournament means for the physical and mental health of the players who compete in it.

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What do you understand from the inside about the health of footballers that is hard to see from the outside?

Footballers are not superheroes — they can be exposed to many health conditions. Musculoskeletal injury is well known, but symptoms of mental-health issues are also prevalent. That is why I chose, years after retiring, to look at the mental-health challenges for players both during and after a career in professional football.

The World Cup is about to begin. What does it do to players’ mental health?

Being selected for a national team and competing at a World Cup is obviously positive. But it depends very much on how the competition goes — whether the person is playing or on the bench, whether the team is winning. You also need to look beyond the competition itself. After the World Cup, players need to be back at their clubs very quickly. If they are lucky, they have one or two weeks off. For many, even that is not feasible. There is no recovery period between two seasons.

Is this tight schedule a health problem, not just a performance one?

Yes. The match calendar — all the domestic and international competitions — puts a huge burden on the players, not only physically and physiologically, but also emotionally and cognitively.

Sports science

At the elite level, players are sometimes exposed to two or three games a week, back-to-back, with no day off. In 2024, together with the World Leagues, FIFPRO called on the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) to reschedule tournaments to give players more recovery time between major competitions.

And this is even without talking about the social-media pressure that is now present every day, during the season as well as during holidays.

How common are mental-health issues in professional football, and what causes them?

What we measure are symptoms: self-reported adverse thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Clinically diagnosing specific disorders for research purposes is not feasible in elite sport because the process is too time-consuming. But from the epidemiological studies I have been conducting since 2012 in professional football and across elite sport, clear patterns can be seen.

There are generic stressors that are relevant to the general population — professional footballers have a social life and relationships outside the sport, and they experience the same adverse events as anyone else. But these combine with sport-specific contributing factors. Injury is a major one. Researchers have good evidence for a bidirectional relationship between injury and mental health: poor mental health can predispose an athlete to musculoskeletal injury. And a severe injury that means a long period without training or competition is the most significant adverse life event in an athlete’s career. Unexpected poor performance is another factor.

Gouttebarge (right) is a former footballer. Credit: Fred Rotgans (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Is there still stigma around mental health in professional football?

The stigma is relevant across the general population in many countries, and it is present in football, which is by tradition a conservative sport. I think in Europe we are well on the way to breaking the stigma, but there is still a lot of work to do.

If you look at other continents where football is very popular — South America, Africa, parts of Asia — it is still seen as a weakness to speak about mental health.

If a player has an ankle injury or a hamstring problem, they speak openly about it at press conferences. But when it comes to depression or anxiety, we are still not there. Players are worried about the reaction of their coach. They fear that if a coach knows they have experienced depression, they will not put them in the starting eleven.

I think we need both a bottom-up approach — mental-health literacy programmes and education for players and coaches, for example — and a top-down approach. At national-federation level, medical committees are conventionally composed of sports-medicine physicians, orthopaedic surgeons and cardiologists. But th…