Nanocrystal-tailored recombination for all-perovskite tandem solar modules

Abstract

The commercialization of all-perovskite tandem solar modules is hindered by the reliance on the conventional gold-based tunnel recombination junction (TRJ) 1,2 . Specifically, this TRJ introduces substantial near-infrared parasitic absorption 3 and suffers from interfacial instability 4 , limiting both photocurrent generation and operational durability. Here, we develop a solution-processed interconnecting layer based on surface-engineered indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) nanocrystals featuring high optical transparency, wherein controlled nanocrystal morphology and tailored ligand chemistry enable smooth interfacial contact and favorable energy level alignment. Critically, we introduce a phosphonic acid additive into the lead–tin (Pb–Sn) perovskite precursor, which synergistically improves the electronic contact with the In 2 O 3 recombination layer, thereby enhancing hole extraction. In addition, the additive regulates perovskite crystallization to mitigate residual strain during film formation, ensuring high-quality large-area deposits. This coordinated interfacial and crystallization engineering strategy simultaneously enhances carrier recombination efficiency at the interconnection layer, improves carrier extraction, and promotes large-area film uniformity in all-perovskite tandems. As a result, a 65-cm 2 all-perovskite tandem solar module achieves a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.2% 5 , with an open-circuit voltage of 2.182 V, a fill factor of 77.4%, and a short-circuit current density of 15.6 mA cm -2 in terms of averaged subcell performance, measured by Japan Electrical Safety and Environment Technology Laboratories (JET). This marks a significant advance toward scalable perovskite tandem photovoltaics.

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Author notes

These authors contributed equally: Ke Xiao, Hongfei Sun, Xinke Kong, Han Gao

Authors and Affiliations

National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

Ke Xiao, Hongfei Sun, Han Gao, Dongdong Xu, Renxing Lin, Runnan Liu & Hairen Tan

Research and Development (R&D) Center, Renshine Solar (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China

Ke Xiao, Ye Liu, Xin Luo & Hairen Tan

School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China

Ke Xiao

State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

Xinke Kong, Siyu Xia, Jin Xie & Yuanyuan Wang

Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, China

Jing Lou & Chao Chang

i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China

Xingze Chen & Changqi Ma

School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Zimo Hu & Fengjia Fan

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

Siyu Xia & Jin Xie

National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

Hairen Tan

Authors

Ke Xiao

Hongfei Sun

Xinke Kong

Han Gao

Jing Lou

Xingze Chen

Zimo Hu

Dongdong Xu

Renxing Lin

Runnan Liu

Siyu Xia

Jin Xie

Ye Liu

Xin Luo

Fengjia Fan

Changqi Ma

Chao Chang

Yuanyuan Wang

Hairen Tan

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to

Ke Xiao , Yuanyuan Wang or Hairen Tan .

About this article

Cite this article

Xiao, K., Sun, H., Kong, X. et al. Nanocrystal-tailored recombination for all-perovskite tandem solar modules.

Nature (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10768-1

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Received : 18 November 2025

Accepted : 04 June 2026

Published : 15 June 2026

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10768-1