La Cour suprême ferme une porte sur les autorisations rétrospectives.

India's Supreme Court has ruled that the central government cannot use administrative orders to grant environmental clearance to projects that began construction without prior approval, marking a significant shift in the interpretation of environmental laws. This decision, delivered on Wednesday, has implications for hundreds of ongoing and completed projects that had previously received so-called "post-facto" or "retrospective" environmental clearances. While the ruling invalidates the mechanism that allowed these clearances, it does not affect projects that were already approved under the now-defunct system. The Supreme Court's judgment addresses long-standing legal disputes regarding the validity of post-facto environmental clearances under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. These clearances, which allow projects to receive retroactive approval after they have already started, have been a contentious point among environmental advocates and policymakers. The court emphasized that the principle of prior environmental assessment, as outlined in the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) notification of 2006, must remain intact. Under this framework, large-scale projects requiring significant land alteration or resource extraction must undergo detailed environmental evaluation, public consultation, and expert review before receiving clearance. The ruling comes amid growing concerns over the environmental consequences of allowing projects to bypass initial scrutiny. Environmental groups, including the petitioner NGO Vanashakti, have consistently opposed post-facto clearances, arguing that they undermine the very purpose of environmental protection laws. They contend that assessing environmental impact after the fact cannot prevent ecological damage, which often occurs during the early stages of a project. The Supreme Court's decision aligns with these arguments, reinforcing the necessity of preventing environmental degradation before it begins. The legal battle surrounding post-facto clearances dates back to the issuance of a 2017 notification, which created a temporary window for industries already in violation to seek retroactive approvals. This was followed by a 2021 office memorandum (OM) that established a more permanent pathway for post-facto regularizations, complete with penalties and remediation requirements. However, the 2022 OM further clarified that a Madras High Court stay on the 2021 OM applied only within its jurisdiction, leaving the policy in place elsewhere in the country. Despite the Supreme Court's ruling, some analysts suggest that alternative mechanisms might still exist for granting environmental clearances to projects that began without prior approval. The court did not explicitly close all avenues for such clearances, leaving room for interpretations that could allow similar processes in the future. This ambiguity has raised questions among legal experts and environmentalists about the practical enforcement of the new directive. The ruling has immediate effects on numerous infrastructure and industrial projects that had previously benefited from post-facto clearances. These include hospitals, medical colleges, airports, and irrigation systems, many of which were constructed without adhering to the standard environmental assessment procedures. While the Supreme Court's decision does not mandate the shutdown of these projects, it removes the legal basis for their continued operation under the current regulatory framework. Environmentalists have welcomed the ruling as a step toward strengthening environmental governance in India. They argue that the decision reinforces the importance of preventive measures in protecting ecosystems and public health. At the same time, industry representatives and government officials have expressed concerns about the potential economic repercussions of stricter adherence to environmental regulations. Balancing environmental protection with developmental needs remains a complex challenge for policymakers moving forward.