Vous serez surpris de voir combien d'Européens meurent de la chaleur et du froid.

A study conducted by researchers at the Institute for Global Health in Barcelona has revealed how socioeconomic inequality in Europe could contribute to over 100,000 deaths annually linked to extreme temperatures, both scorching heatwaves and severe cold snaps. The findings suggest that reducing inequality to levels similar to Slovenia, which currently holds the lowest rate of socioeconomic disparity in the EU, could cut these preventable deaths by one-third. The research was released before this year’s record-breaking heatwaves and droughts affected multiple European countries, with early warnings of a “brutal summer” due to an anticipated El Niño weather pattern. According to data up to July 21, at least 10,440 people have died in 13 European countries experiencing their worst heatwave yet. This figure is likely to rise further once August's heat is fully accounted for. The study highlights that many of these deaths are connected to poverty, particularly the inability to afford cooling during extreme heat. Researchers used data spanning from 2009 to 2019, analyzing mortality rates in 654 regions across Europe, alongside records of extreme weather events such as harsh frosts or intense heatwaves. They also considered regional economic development, healthcare organization, and access to basic amenities. Europe has been warming faster than other continents, with average temperatures now 2.54 degrees Celsius higher than at the start of the Industrial Revolution. Globally, the increase has been around 1.4 degrees Celsius over the same period. Since 1990, Europe has warmed approximately 0.56 degrees Celsius every ten years, compared to 0.42 degrees in North America, 0.36 in Africa, and 0.27 in South America. These temperature shifts have made extreme weather conditions more frequent and severe, increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses and cold-related fatalities. The study found that reducing material and social deprivation to the level of central Switzerland would result in roughly 59,000 fewer deaths related to extreme temperatures and poverty. Conversely, if inequality were to rise to the level observed in southern-eastern Romania, the region within the EU with the highest degree of material and social deprivation, death tolls from weather extremes could increase by at least 101,000. This suggests a direct link between wealth distribution and vulnerability to climate impacts. Blanca Paniello-Castillo, a biomedical scientist and researcher at the Barcelona institute leading the study, emphasized that integrating policies aimed at reducing inequality into long-term governance strategies could significantly reduce avoidable deaths. She noted that such measures could address two major public health challenges simultaneously. Her comments were published in the London-based Guardian, highlighting the urgency of addressing both climate change and socioeconomic disparities. In cities, where temperatures often approach or exceed 40 degrees Celsius, the urban heat island effect exacerbates risks. Despite being generally wealthier, urban areas suffer from high concentrations of asphalt and concrete, limited green spaces, and inadequate cooling infrastructure. These factors make city dwellers more susceptible to heat-related illnesses. Meanwhile, rural areas, though less developed, may offer some respite due to cooler microclimates and greater access to natural environments. As the continent continues to grapple with increasingly severe weather patterns, the study underscores the need for targeted interventions that combine climate adaptation strategies with efforts to reduce inequality. With rising temperatures projected to intensify, the implications of these findings will become even more critical in shaping future policy decisions.