Panique ou chance pour l'agriculture dans l'UE?Le prochain combat de l'Ukraine sera celui des céréales

The potential accession of Moldova and, above all, Ukraine into the European Union has sparked intense debate over how to manage agricultural markets and avoid conflicts within Europe. With Ukraine’s vast arable land and its strategic role in global grain production, the prospect of joining the bloc could significantly reshape the landscape of European agriculture. Ukraine, despite losing territories such as Crimea and parts of Donbas due to Russia's invasion, still controls approximately 32 million hectares of arable land, of which nearly 26 million are cultivated. This makes it one of the largest agricultural producers in the world, with the capacity to become the leading producer of wheat, rapeseed, sunflower, and soybeans within the EU. For comparison, France possesses around 17 million hectares of arable land, while Spain and Poland each have roughly 11 million. If Ukraine joins the EU, it would immediately surpass these countries in terms of agricultural output, particularly in key crops essential to the region’s food security. This shift poses both opportunities and risks for existing EU member states. Agricultural producers in countries like Germany, France, and Poland already face challenges from lower-cost imports, fluctuating fuel prices, and stringent regulations under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The integration of Ukraine into the EU would intensify these pressures, potentially triggering new waves of protests among farmers who fear being undercut by cheaper Ukrainian produce. Moldova, though smaller in scale, shares many of the same concerns. With just over 1.87 million hectares of arable land, it faces similar hurdles in aligning its agricultural practices with EU standards. Its accession process runs largely in parallel with Ukraine’s, meaning it will likely inherit many of the same challenges and uncertainties. While Chișinău benefits from the geopolitical momentum generated by Ukraine’s candidacy, it also bears the weight of the associated risks. Agricultural policy expert Elsa Régnier from Sciences Po highlights the complexity of integrating new members into the CAP. She notes that the CAP consumes a substantial portion of the EU budget, yet agricultural sectors remain some of the most vulnerable to external shocks. The challenge lies in balancing economic interests with the need to maintain stability and fairness across the union. The European Commission acknowledges that both Ukraine and Moldova require extensive reforms before they can fully integrate into the EU’s agricultural framework. These include modernizing infrastructure, improving sustainability practices, and ensuring compliance with environmental and consumer protection laws. At the same time, the EU must assess whether its current policies can accommodate a much larger membership base without compromising their effectiveness. For Ukrainian farmer Volodymyr Rever near Lviv, the challenges ahead are not cause for alarm. “Harder than the war? Harder than the Holodomor? I don’t think so,” he says with a smile. The Holodomor, a man-made famine orchestrated by Stalin’s regime in the 1930s that claimed millions of lives, reminds him of the historical struggles his country has endured. Yet, he believes the resilience of his people will see them through. Like many others, Rever is not only a farmer but also a victim and witness to the ongoing conflict. Many have been forced to abandon their fields, some fight at the front lines, while others continue producing food under extremely difficult conditions. The fertile black soil, known as chernozem, which covers large parts of Ukraine, gives the country its reputation as Europe’s breadbasket. Its dark color stems from an exceptionally high organic matter content, making it ideal for growing a wide range of crops. As the path to EU membership unfolds, the fate of Ukraine’s agriculture, and its impact on the broader European market, will remain a central issue. Whether this represents a threat or an opportunity depends on how well the EU can navigate the complex interplay of trade, regulation, and political ambition.