La demande de centres de données fantômes: les États américains craignent des surcapacités électriques

U.S. states are growing increasingly concerned over potential electricity overcapacity caused by a surge in data center projects, with fears that many of these developments could remain unrealized, leading to wasted infrastructure investments. According to a Reuters report, nearly 700 gigawatts of power have been requested for planned data centers across the U.S., equivalent to the amount needed to power all private households in the country. This demand has sparked alarm among officials and experts who warn that such figures far exceed current usage levels, potentially creating a bubble similar to past economic booms. The concern stems from the rapid expansion of data center projects, which have proliferated across the United States like mushrooms after rain. While artificial intelligence and substantial investments in AI development firms have driven up demand for computing power, many of these projects have yet to materialize. Some initiatives have already proven smaller than anticipated or even non-existent. For instance, the state of Texas, one of the largest hubs for data centers in the U.S., has imposed a halt on new grid connection applications and is reviewing submitted plans more carefully. Authorities want clearer information on project seriousness, requiring operators to disclose actual owners rather than just subsidiaries. Additionally, they must reveal plans for tax incentives, water consumption, and intentions to generate their own electricity. Texas aims to establish a more reliable foundation for infrastructure development based on accurate data. Meanwhile, data centers equipped with independent power generation systems are being constructed in Texas and other states, aiming to meet energy demands without relying on public grids. The Texas Public Utility Commission oversees this process, and the state is recognized as one of the fastest-growing regions for AI and cloud computing data centers. According to Reuters, the number of grid connection requests from data centers and other large consumers in Texas rose sharply from around 48 gigawatts in 2023 to 474 gigawatts currently. Other U.S. states are also taking action. Six states have introduced legislation aimed at halting the construction of new AI data centers. Pennsylvania illustrates the extent of uncertainty particularly well: of over 100 announced data centers, only 20 have submitted the necessary permit applications. The state has implemented stricter requirements, mandating higher transparency for projects exceeding 25 megawatts since a directive issued by Governor Josh Shapiro on August 18. In Ohio, the introduction of fees for grid connection assessments has significantly reduced the waiting list at utility company AEP Ohio. There is currently no standardized method for utilities to record requests. Some accept only signed contracts while others consider non-binding inquiries. As a result, some applicants lack sufficient financing or expertise to execute their projects. If grid providers blindly trust these applications, costly expansions could be made that ultimately go unused. These costs would then be passed on to all consumers through increased electricity prices. Conversely, there is also concern that overly cautious measures might stifle legitimate growth and innovation in the sector. The situation highlights the delicate balance between fostering technological advancement and ensuring responsible resource allocation. With the projected increase in data center electricity consumption reaching a fifth of the nation’s total power supply by 2035, according to a BloombergNEF study, the need for careful planning becomes ever more pressing. The industry's future hinges on navigating these challenges effectively, ensuring that infrastructure developments align with actual demand and long-term sustainability goals.