Zašto je doba "jeftinih novca" SAD-a bila iluzija i što znači sljedeći potez SARB-a

The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) faces mounting scrutiny as it prepares for its next monetary policy meeting on July 23, amid growing concerns that the so-called "cheap money" era has been an illusion. According to data from Prizm Property Partners, a Durban-based real estate firm, the lowest interest rate in a generation—7% in September 2020—did not equate to the cheapest money available. The real cost of borrowing, calculated by adjusting for inflation, remained relatively high during that period. By July 2022, prime lending rates had risen to 9%, yet with inflation climbing to 8%, the real cost of debt fell to just 1%, marking what Prizm describes as the cheapest borrowing environment in the period covered by its analysis. This pattern of diverging nominal and real costs highlights a recurring theme in South Africa’s economic history. Prizm notes that in January 2004, when prime rates were at 11.5%, headline inflation had plummeted to 0.4%. At first glance, this appeared to indicate extremely cheap money, but closer inspection reveals that the inflation figure was skewed. The rand had appreciated significantly following the 2001 financial crisis, reducing import-related inflation, including fuel and goods prices. Additionally, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) used at the time still incorporated mortgage bond interest rates, which had recently been cut by the SARB, artificially lowering the inflation reading. When adjusted to exclude mortgage bonds, the true inflation rate was closer to 4%, and the real cost of debt hovered around 7% to 8%. Prizm argues that treating the nominal interest rate as the actual cost of borrowing is a common, and costly, misconception in South African property finance. The firm emphasizes that understanding the real cost requires accounting for both inflation and currency movements, factors often overlooked in public discourse. A detailed analysis of data from 2004 to the present, sourced from the SARB, Statistics South Africa, and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, shows how the real cost of debt has frequently diverged from the nominal rate. This discrepancy underscores the importance of scrutinizing underlying economic indicators rather than relying solely on headline figures. Equity analyst Bianca Lakha noted that the SARB surprised the market in May by raising interest rates to 7%, a move it hadn’t made since 2023. While inflation has increased steadily, reaching 4.5% in May, the highest level in nearly two years, much of this rise is attributed to fuel prices, which have surged by nearly 25% over the past few months. Stripping out fuel, inflation has remained largely stable at around 3.7% for a full year. This suggests that the broader economic backdrop remains subdued, despite the apparent upward trend in inflation. Real estate principal David Ingle of Seeff Bedfordview, Edenvale & Modderfontein warns that the lead-up to the SARB’s decision provides as much insight as the decision itself. He observes that with inflation near the top of the central bank’s target range, the rand continues to face pressure from global uncertainties, and the Monetary Policy Committee has already ended its three-year pause in May. These factors create a delicate balance for policymakers. Ingle expects the SARB to either maintain its current stance or implement a modest rate hike, though he acknowledges that further tightening could follow if economic conditions warrant it. Ultimately, Ingle stresses that the tone of the SARB’s communication will play a crucial role in shaping buyer confidence. Whether the central bank signals a temporary adjustment to global shocks or the beginning of a prolonged tightening cycle will determine how the market interprets its actions. As the SARB prepares for its next meeting, the focus will remain on how it navigates these complex economic dynamics.