Excavations at the site of Vilnius’ lost Great Synagogue have uncovered significant portions of the historic structure, marking a major breakthrough in understanding the city’s Jewish heritage. Archaeologist Jon Seligman, leading the largest excavation of the site to date, described the discovery as a pivotal moment in the ongoing efforts to recover the remnants of one of Eastern Europe’s most important Jewish landmarks. The synagogue, originally constructed between the 17th and 18th centuries, served as the spiritual heart of Jewish life in Vilnius, often referred to as the “Jerusalem of the North.” It was destroyed during World War II and later demolished, with a kindergarten and school subsequently built atop its ruins. The educational building was vacated about a decade ago and demolished last year, clearing the way for the most comprehensive excavations yet. This summer’s month-long archaeological campaign has revealed substantial sections of the synagogue’s central prayer hall, exposing architectural features that researchers consider among the most significant findings since excavations began in 2011. Seligman, who hails from Israel and has previously participated in excavations in Lithuania, emphasized the personal connection to the project. His family roots trace back to Lithuania, with relatives who lived in Vilnius and nearby towns, some remaining there until 1960. For him, the excavation represents a return to his ancestral homeland. The Great Synagogue, measuring approximately 35 by 35 meters, was one of the largest Jewish houses of worship in Eastern Europe. Its design included columns rising nearly 9 meters, allowing it to appear grand despite restrictions on the height of Jewish buildings compared to Christian structures. To comply with these regulations, builders constructed the synagogue’s floor below ground level, creating an imposing interior while maintaining a modest exterior. Previous excavations typically lasted only two weeks, but this year’s effort spanned a full month, making it the most extensive to date. Among the most notable discoveries is the central prayer area surrounding the bimah, the elevated platform from which the Torah was read. While parts of the bimah were previously uncovered, this year’s excavations fully exposed the central hall and revealed two additional massive columns encircling the platform. Archaeologist Justinas Račas, a co-leader of the excavation, noted the discovery of new floor decoration, including an intricate geometric pattern forming an eight-pointed star. These findings offer valuable insights into the layout and organization of the prayer hall, with Račas explaining that the decorations indicate distinct spaces for worshippers. Beyond the monumental architecture, researchers emphasize the significance of smaller, everyday artifacts that preserve traces of the community that once worshipped there. Among these are engraved plaques bearing names, surnames, and assigned seat numbers, providing rare glimpses into prominent members of the synagogue. One such plaque, inscribed with the Hebrew name “Malka Shirvint,” suggests that Malka was a woman from the town of Širvintos. These items highlight the personal stories embedded within the historical fabric of the site.
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