Migration from Morocco Unemployment and social exclusion: Why Moroccan youth emigrate

Young Moroccan men like Ashraf Bahlawan are increasingly leaving their country despite its economic growth, driven by limited opportunities and social constraints. Bahlawan, who has already attempted to cross into Spain’s North African enclave of Ceuta, says he thinks only of Europe. His story reflects a broader trend among young Moroccans who feel trapped by a system that offers them little hope of advancement. The Moroccan economy has been growing steadily, with annual GDP expansion reaching around four percent. This growth is concentrated in sectors such as construction, infrastructure, automotive manufacturing, and technology. The country is also expanding its role in international trade, exporting phosphates and fertilizers, and developing its defense industry. With the Strait of Hormuz closed due to geopolitical tensions, Morocco's strategic position has become even more valuable. However, this economic progress has not translated into widespread job creation or improved living standards for many citizens. A key issue is the mismatch between the pace of economic growth and the ability of the labor market to absorb new workers. According to data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), over 400,000 young people are expected to enter the workforce by 2025, yet only approximately 200,000 new jobs are projected to be created. This gap has led to rising frustration among youth, particularly in rural areas where unemployment rates remain high and access to education is limited. The divide between urban elites and rural populations is stark. While cities benefit from large-scale infrastructure projects, such as high-speed rail lines and stadiums built ahead of the 2030 FIFA World Cup, many rural communities continue to struggle with poor educational outcomes and low incomes. Illiteracy rates in these regions remain alarmingly high, further limiting prospects for upward mobility. Meanwhile, political power and wealth are concentrated among a small group of elites, including members of the royal family and senior government officials. This disparity has fueled a sense of disillusionment among young Moroccans, especially those from conservative or religious backgrounds. Many face strict social controls that make personal freedom difficult to achieve. Young men often find themselves unable to move out of their homes, get married, or pursue independent lives. These restrictions contribute to mental health issues, including substance abuse and depression, while reinforcing a deep desire to escape. Migration is not solely motivated by economic hardship. Social and political factors also play a crucial role. A significant portion of the Moroccan diaspora operates through informal networks that can provide support and guidance for would-be migrants. Additionally, many young people seek greater personal freedoms, which they perceive as being more readily available in Western countries. There is also a paradoxical relationship between income levels and migration pressure: as average earnings rise, more individuals can afford to pay smugglers, increasing the number of attempts to reach Europe. In late 2025, protests erupted across the country, led primarily by Gen Z activists demanding reforms in education and healthcare. These demonstrations highlighted the growing discontent among younger generations, who feel excluded from the benefits of economic progress. Despite the government’s efforts to modernize institutions, many believe change is slow and insufficient. As the situation continues to evolve, the challenge for Morocco lies in balancing economic development with social inclusion. Without meaningful improvements in employment, education, and civil liberties, the exodus of young talent, and the associated risks, will likely persist. For now, Ashraf Bahlawan remains hopeful that his next attempt to reach Ceuta will succeed, even as he acknowledges the uncertainty of his future.