SpainThe article discusses the premeditated nature of the 1936 coup d'état in Spain, which led to the rise of Francisco Franco. It highlights that planning for the military uprising began as early as December 1935, with secret meetings among generals and pressure from conservative elites like José Calvo Sotelo. The author argues against revisionist narratives that frame the coup as a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of Calvo Sotelo, emphasizing instead a coordinated monarchist-military-fascist plot. Historians such as Ángel Viñas and Gutmaro Gómez Bravo are cited to support this view, noting that earlier failed uprisings, like the 1932 attempt by General José Sanjurjo, set precedents. The article also points to growing opposition to the Second Republic due to reforms affecting land and religion, increased worker participation, and the October 1934 revolution.
Bias read (Progressive): The article frames the coup as a planned conspiracy rather than a spontaneous act, aligning with leftist historical interpretations that emphasize systemic oppression and resistance to progressive reforms. It critiques right-wing revisionist narratives that portray Franco as a martyr, suggesting a左翼
