The article discusses the historical development of Kabul during the mid-20th century, highlighting its period of modernization and cultural openness before the Soviet invasion in 1979. It references poet Mohamed Ikbal’s praise for Kabul’s climate and its status as a symbol of progress in Central Asia. The piece describes Kabul as a blend of traditional and modern elements, where women wore Western-style clothing and the city attracted travelers and intellectuals. Yama Jewayni, a businessman born in Kabul, recalls the city as more European than Middle Eastern in its style and modernity. However, the era of progress halted in the 1970s due to political instability, wars, and conflicts, which ultimately undermined the earlier advancements.
Bias read (Center): While the article presents a nostalgic view of Kabul’s past modernization efforts, it does not overtly favor any political ideology or side. It provides balanced historical context and quotes from a businessman who experienced the changes firsthand. There is no clear ideological slant or emphasis on




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