How Indian Navy is transforming from 'buyer' to 'builder' force

The Indian Navy is undergoing a significant transformation, shifting from being primarily a "buyer" of foreign defense equipment to becoming a leading force in indigenous defense manufacturing. This evolution was highlighted during the commissioning of three newly built naval vessels—INS Dunagiri, INS Sanshodhak, and INS Agray—by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on June 21. These ships symbolize a broader strategic initiative aimed at enhancing India's maritime capabilities through self-reliance in defense production.

The commissioning ceremony took place in Kolkata, where the three vessels were officially brought into service. Each of these ships represents a distinct aspect of India's growing naval prowess. INS Dunagiri, a Project 17A stealth frigate, is equipped with advanced missile systems, radar technology, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities. It marks a milestone in India's ability to construct frontline combat vessels domestically. Meanwhile, INS Sanshodhak is a specialized hydrographic and oceanographic platform, showcasing India's expertise in underwater research and mapping. INS Agray focuses on anti-submarine warfare and coastal security, reflecting the navy's expanding operational roles along India's extensive coastline.

This transition from reliance on foreign imports to indigenous production has been driven by a comprehensive institutional framework within the Indian Navy. Key organizations such as the Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment (WESEE), Advanced Technology Vessel Project (ATVP), Directorate of Indigenisation, Warship Design Bureau (WDB), and Directorate of Ship Production (DSP) have collectively contributed to building an end-to-end indigenous capability. These bodies handle everything from initial design and construction to weapons integration and long-term maintenance, significantly reducing dependency on external suppliers.

The impact of this transformation is evident in the current state of the Indian Navy's fleet. With over 130 warships and submarines already in operation, and approximately 50 vessels currently under construction in Indian shipyards, the navy is experiencing its most substantial indigenous shipbuilding effort to date. The level of indigenous content in these vessels ranges from 75% to over 80%, involving numerous micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and thousands of skilled workers across the defense industry. This collaborative approach ensures that the technological advancements made are integrated into the broader national economy, fostering growth and innovation.

Looking ahead, the Indian Navy aims to expand its fleet to between 155 and 160 warships by 2030, with potential further expansion to 175–200 vessels by the mid-2030s. Domestic shipyards are expected to play a crucial role in achieving these targets, underscoring the government's commitment to bolstering local manufacturing capabilities. This ambitious plan aligns with India's broader strategic goals, particularly in securing its interests in the Indian Ocean and the wider Indo-Pacific region.

The significance of maritime power in modern geopolitics was emphasized by Prime Minister Modi during his address at the commissioning ceremony. He pointed out that no nation can rise to prominence without robust maritime capabilities, given that much of the world's trade and communication infrastructure relies on sea routes. As critical minerals, deep-sea resources, and future energy sources become focal points of international competition, India's investment in naval strength positions it to assert greater influence in global affairs.

The successful execution of this naval transformation hinges on sustained collaboration among various stakeholders, including specialized naval design directorates, engineering units, and production agencies. Organizations such as the Directorate of Electrical Engineering (DEE), Directorate of Marine Engineering (DMEC), and Directorate of Naval Architecture (DNA) ensure that the increasingly complex warships are equipped with locally developed technologies. This holistic approach not only enhances the navy's operational readiness but also strengthens India's overall defense industrial base, paving the way for future innovations and strategic autonomy.