Summer, record heat: beware of heatstroke, here's what to do to combat it

Italy is currently experiencing a prolonged and intense heatwave originating from Africa, with temperatures reaching up to 40 degrees Celsius in certain regions. This extreme weather condition has led to significant physical discomfort and stress, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. The Ministry of Health has issued warnings about the risks associated with heatstroke, emphasizing the need for vigilance and preventive measures to protect public health.

Heatstroke occurs when the human body is exposed to excessively high temperatures combined with poor ventilation and high humidity levels. Whether outdoors or indoors, individuals can be affected by this condition. Symptoms typically begin with a sudden general malaise characterized by severe fatigue. As the situation worsens, symptoms may progress to headaches, dizziness, confusion, nausea, and vomiting. In more severe cases, unconsciousness can occur. Upon examination, the skin feels hot and red, while the body temperature rapidly rises to between 40 and 41 degrees Celsius. Such conditions pose serious risks to internal organs, making it crucial to address these situations promptly to avoid life-threatening complications.

When faced with a potential heatstroke, immediate action is necessary. The first step is to contact emergency services by dialing 118. According to guidelines from the Italian Red Cross, the affected person should be moved to a shaded and cool location, their clothing partially removed, and damp cloths applied to the skin to promote cooling and ventilation using available resources. If the individual remains conscious, they should be encouraged to drink water in small sips to replenish fluids. It is important to monitor the person continuously until medical help arrives, being alert for any changes in their condition.

The Ministry of Health has provided several recommendations to prevent heatstroke. Avoiding physical activity during the hottest parts of the day is advised, and when engaging in sports, proper hydration is essential. Both homes and workplaces should be checked to ensure adequate shading of windows and correct use of air conditioning. Drinking at least one and a half liters of water daily and consuming light, fresh foods is recommended. Fruits are particularly beneficial, with five portions suggested per day. Wearing clothing made from natural fabrics, using hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen when outdoors is also emphasized. Additionally, caution should be exercised regarding pets, avoiding walks during the hottest hours. Wet cold compresses can be useful when needed.

Experts from the Italian Society of Environmental Medicine highlight the health risks posed by extreme weather conditions, especially for the most vulnerable populations. According to President Alessandro Miani, excessive heat can disrupt the body's natural temperature regulation system, leading to various health issues. Common problems include sunburns, which can cause erythema or burns accompanied by symptoms similar to those of heatstroke. Heat cramps, caused by sodium loss due to sweating and subsequent changes in the water-salt balance, are also prevalent. Extreme temperatures can lead to edema, resulting from fluid retention in the lower limbs due to prolonged peripheral vasodilation.

Other related issues include congestion, often triggered by consuming ice-cold beverages in an overheated body, presenting symptoms such as sweating and chest pain. Dehydration can result in thirst, weakness, dizziness, palpitations, anxiety, dry skin and mucous membranes, muscle cramps, and a drop in blood pressure. High temperatures increase the incidence of heatstroke, which occurs when the physiological ability to regulate body temperature is compromised. Recognizable symptoms vary in intensity depending on the severity of the condition, starting with a sudden general malaise followed by headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, potentially progressing to confusion or anxiety states.

To safeguard against these issues, the Italian Society of Environmental Medicine recommends avoiding exposure to heat and sunlight, going outside only during cooler hours. Adequate air circulation in homes through natural ventilation is essential. Maintaining cool indoor environments by shading windows with shutters, blinds, or curtains is crucial. Windows should remain closed during the day and opened during the evening and night to facilitate airflow. These precautions aim to mitigate the adverse effects of extreme heat and ensure the well-being of individuals during this challenging period.