Brexit and the border 10 years on

Ten years have passed since the United Kingdom held a historic referendum on whether to leave the European Union. The decision, known as Brexit, has had profound implications across the nation, but nowhere has its impact been more keenly felt than in Northern Ireland. As the region stands at the crossroads between the UK and the EU, the effects of Brexit continue to shape daily life, economic activity, and political discourse.

For Robert Moore, a farmer based in Ballougry, County Derry, the past decade has brought mixed results. His family has farmed the same land for over two centuries, and he initially supported the Leave campaign, believing that greater autonomy for the UK would benefit agriculture. However, Moore acknowledges that the outcome has not met expectations. Despite his initial optimism, he admits that the situation has not improved significantly for farmers in Northern Ireland. Prices and product availability have shifted slightly, but overall, he feels that the region remains caught between two worlds—working with the Republic of Ireland, which is part of the EU, and Great Britain, which is not. This dual alignment, while necessary to maintain economic stability, has led to a complex reality where Northern Ireland experiences both advantages and challenges.

George Fleming, chairman of Fleming Agri Products, echoes similar sentiments. Based near Moore’s farm, Fleming’s company operates internationally, manufacturing agricultural machinery for markets across the globe. He recalls the uncertainty that followed the referendum, fearing disruptions akin to the old days of bureaucratic delays at the border. Yet, despite the political turmoil, Fleming notes that his business has not faced major obstacles. The Windsor Framework, established to manage trade relations between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, has helped maintain smooth operations. Fleming credits this agreement for enabling continued growth and attracting foreign investment to Northern Ireland.

However, not everyone shares the same level of satisfaction with the outcomes of Brexit. Charlie Weir, a fourth-generation farmer in Waringstown, County Down, expresses deep disillusionment. He admits he regrets voting to leave the EU, citing broken promises regarding support for farmers and improvements in public services. Weir’s son, who represents the fifth generation of his family, sees no clear path forward in dairy farming, highlighting generational concerns about the future of rural livelihoods. Weir points out that the political landscape has deteriorated, with issues like healthcare becoming even more strained than before the referendum.

Northern Ireland’s unique position as the only part of the UK with a land border with the EU has amplified the complexities of Brexit. The return of a visible border, albeit symbolic rather than physical, has reignited debates about the region’s constitutional status. Advocates for a united Ireland argue that Brexit has inadvertently strengthened arguments for reunification, given the perceived disadvantages faced by Northern Ireland due to its special relationship with the EU. The political instability in the region has also contributed to the suspension of the devolved government at Stormont, further complicating governance and policy implementation.

A recent study conducted by Queen’s University Belfast underscores the widespread perception that Brexit has been a failure in Northern Ireland. Researchers found that a majority of voters, including many who originally supported leaving the EU, feel that the process has not delivered the anticipated benefits. Instead, it has exacerbated divisions and increased the likelihood of the UK breaking apart. Professor Katy Hayward, one of the lead researchers, emphasizes that while some individuals in England express regret over Brexit, Northern Irish voters are less inclined to reconsider their stance, partly due to deeply entrenched political identities.

Looking ahead, the long-term impacts of Brexit on Northern Ireland remain uncertain. While some businesses and sectors have adapted to the new realities, others continue to grapple with the challenges posed by the evolving regulatory environment. The ongoing negotiations and agreements between the UK and the EU will play a crucial role in shaping the region’s future. As the anniversary of the referendum approaches, the voices of those affected by Brexit offer a sobering reflection on the promises made and the realities faced—a reminder that the journey toward a post-EU future is far from complete.